ADHD is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Epidemiology In men it is observed 2–8 times more often, in children - equally often in both sexes. Obesity is observed in 11–90% of cases, more often in women. The frequency among obese women of childbearing age is 19/37% of cases are registered in children, 90% of whom are aged 5–15 years, very rarely younger than 2 years. Peak development of the disease is 20–30 years.

Symptoms (signs)

Clinical picture Symptoms Headache (94% of cases), more severe in the morning Dizziness (32%) Nausea (32%) Changes in visual acuity (48%) Diplopia, more often in adults, usually due to paresis of the abducens nerve (29%) Neurological disorders usually limited to the visual system Disc swelling optic nerve(sometimes unilateral) (100%) Damage to the abducens nerve in 20% of cases Enlargement of the blind spot (66%) and concentric narrowing of the visual fields (blindness is rare) Visual field defect (9%) The initial form can only be accompanied by an increase in the occipito-frontal circumference of the head , often goes away on its own and usually requires only observation without specific treatment Absence of disorders of consciousness, despite high ICP Concomitant pathology Prescription or withdrawal of glucocorticosteroids Hyper-/hypovitaminosis A Use of other drugs: tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, isotretinoin Dural sinus thrombosis SLE Disorders menstrual cycle Anemia (especially iron deficiency).

Diagnostics

Diagnostic criteria CSF pressure above 200 mm water column. CSF composition: decreased protein content (less than 20 mg%) Symptoms and signs associated only with increased ICP: papilledema, headache, absence of focal symptoms (permissible exception - paresis of the abducens nerve) MRI/CT - without pathology. Acceptable exceptions: Slit-like shape of the ventricles of the brain; Increased size of the ventricles of the brain; Large accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid above the brain in the initial form of ADHD.

Research methods MRI/CT with and without contrast Lumbar puncture: measurement of cerebrospinal fluid pressure, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid at least for the protein content of CBC, electrolytes, PT Examinations to exclude sarcoidosis or SLE.

Differential diagnosis CNS lesions: tumor, brain abscess, subdural hematoma Infectious diseases: encephalitis, meningitis (especially basal or caused by granulomatous infections) Inflammatory diseases: sarcoidosis, SLE Metabolic disorders: lead poisoning Vascular pathology: occlusion (dural sinus thrombosis) or partial obstruction, Behcet's syndrome Meningeal carcinomatosis.

Treatment

Diet tactics No. 10, 10a. Limiting fluid and salt intake Repeated careful ophthalmological examination, including ophthalmoscopy and determination of visual fields with assessment of the size of the blind spot Observation for at least 2 years with repeated MRI/CT to exclude a brain tumor Discontinuation of drugs that can cause ADHD Weight loss Careful outpatient monitoring of patients with asymptomatic ADHD with periodic assessment of visual functions. Therapy is indicated only in unstable conditions.

Drug therapy - diuretics Furosemide at an initial dose of 160 mg/day in adults; the dose is selected depending on the severity of symptoms and visual disturbances (but not on the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid); if ineffective, the dose can be increased to 320 mg/day Acetazolamide 125–250 mg orally every 8–12 hours If ineffective, dexamethasone 12 mg/day is additionally recommended, but the possibility of weight gain should be taken into account.

Surgical treatment is carried out only in patients resistant to drug therapy or with threatening vision loss Repeated lumbar punctures until remission is achieved (25% after the first lumbar puncture) Lumbar shunting: lumboperitoneal or lumbopleural Other methods of shunting (especially in cases where arachnoiditis prevents access to lumbar arachnoid space): ventriculoperitoneal shunt or cisterna magna shunt Fenestration of the optic nerve sheath.

Course and prognosis In most cases - remission by 6-15 weeks (relapse rate - 9-43%) Visual disorders develop in 4-12% of patients. Loss of vision is possible without previous headache and papilledema.

Synonym. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

ICD-10 G93.2 Benign intracranial hypertension G97.2 Intracranial hypertension after ventricular bypass surgery

Application. Hypertension-hydrocephalic syndrome is caused by an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with hydrocephalus of various origins. It manifests itself as headache, vomiting (often in the morning), dizziness, meningeal symptoms, stupor, and congestion in the fundus. Craniograms reveal deepening of the digital impressions, widening of the entrance to the sella turcica, and an intensification of the pattern of diploic veins.

Signs and methods of eliminating intracranial hypertension

Most often, intracranial hypertension (increased intracranial pressure) manifests itself due to dysfunction of the cerebrospinal fluid. The process of cerebrospinal fluid production intensifies, which is why the liquid does not have time to be fully absorbed and circulate. Stagnation forms, which causes pressure on the brain.

With venous congestion, blood can accumulate in the cranial cavity, and with cerebral edema, tissue fluid can accumulate. Pressure on the brain can be exerted by foreign tissue formed due to a growing tumor (including an oncological one).

The brain is a very sensitive organ; for protection, it is placed in a special liquid medium, the task of which is to ensure the safety of brain tissue. If the volume of this fluid changes, the pressure increases. The disorder is rarely an independent disease, but often acts as a manifestation of a neurological type of pathology.

Factors of influence

The most common causes of intracranial hypertension are:

• excessive secretion of cerebrospinal fluid;
• insufficient degree of absorption;
• dysfunction of pathways in the fluid circulation system.

Indirect causes provoking the disorder:

• traumatic brain injury (even long-term, including birth), head bruises, concussion;
• encephalitis and meningitis diseases;
• intoxication (especially alcohol and medication);
• congenital anomalies of the structure of the central nervous system;
• cerebrovascular accident;
• foreign neoplasms;
• intracranial hematomas, extensive hemorrhages, cerebral edema.

In adults, the following factors are also identified:

• overweight;
• chronic stress;
• violation of blood properties;
• strong physical exercise;
• the effect of vasoconstrictor medications;
• birth asphyxia;
• endocrine diseases.

Excess weight may be an indirect cause of intracranial hypertension

Due to pressure, elements of the brain structure can change position relative to each other. This disorder is called dislocation syndrome. Subsequently, such a displacement leads to partial or complete dysfunction of the central nervous system.

In the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, intracranial hypertension syndrome has the following code:

• benign intracranial hypertension (classified separately) - code G93.2 according to ICD 10;
• intracranial hypertension after ventricular bypass surgery – code G97.2 according to ICD 10;
• cerebral edema – code G93.6 according to ICD 10.

The International Classification of Diseases 10th revision on the territory of the Russian Federation has been introduced into medical practice in 1999. The release of the updated 11th revision classifier is planned for 2017.

Symptoms

Based on the influencing factors, the following group of symptoms of intracranial hypertension found in adults has been identified:

• headache;
• “heaviness” in the head, especially at night and in the morning;
• vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• sweating;
• tachycardia;
• fainting state;

• nausea accompanied by vomiting;
• nervousness;
• fast fatiguability;
• circles under the eyes;
• sexual and sexual dysfunction;
• increased blood pressure in humans under the influence of low atmospheric pressure.

Signs of intracranial hypertension in a child are separately identified, although a number of the listed symptoms also appear here:

• congenital hydrocephalus;
• birth injury;
• prematurity;
• infectious disorders during fetal development;
• increase in head volume;
• visual sensitivity;
• dysfunction of the visual organs;
• anatomical abnormalities of blood vessels, nerves, brain;
• drowsiness;
• weak sucking;
• loudness, cry.

Drowsiness may be one of the symptoms of intracranial hypertension in a child

The disorder is divided into several types. Thus, benign intracranial hypertension is characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure without changes in the state of the cerebrospinal fluid itself and without stagnant processes. Visible symptoms include swelling of the optic nerve, which provokes visual dysfunction. This type does not cause serious neurological disorders.

Intracranial idiopathic hypertension(refers to chronic form, develops gradually, is also defined as moderate ICH) is accompanied high blood pressure cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. Has signs of the presence of an organ tumor, although in fact there is none. The syndrome is also known as pseudotumor cerebri. The increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the organ is caused precisely by stagnant processes: a decrease in the intensity of the processes of absorption and outflow of cerebrospinal fluid.

Diagnostics

During diagnosis, not only clinical manifestations are important, but also the results of hardware research.

1. First, you need to measure intracranial pressure. To do this, special needles connected to a pressure gauge are inserted into the spinal canal and into the fluid cavity of the skull.
2. An ophthalmological examination of the condition of the eyeballs is also carried out to determine the blood content of the veins and the degree of dilation.
3. Ultrasound examination of cerebral vessels will make it possible to determine the intensity of the outflow of venous blood.
4. MR and CT scan are carried out in order to determine the degree of rarefaction of the edges of the ventricles of the brain and the degree of expansion of the fluid cavities.
5. Encephalogram.

Computed tomography is used to diagnose intracranial hypertension

The diagnostic set of measures in children and adults differs little, except that in a newborn a neurologist examines the condition of the fontanel, checks muscle tone and takes measurements of the head. In children, an ophthalmologist examines the condition of the fundus of the eye.

Treatment

Treatment of intracranial hypertension is selected based on the diagnostic data obtained. Part of the therapy is aimed at eliminating influencing factors that provoke changes in pressure inside the skull. That is, for the treatment of the underlying disease.

Treatment of intracranial hypertension can be conservative or surgical. Benign intracranial hypertension may not require any therapeutic measures at all. Unless in adults, diuretic medication is required to increase fluid outflow. In infants, the benign type goes away over time, the baby is prescribed massage and physiotherapeutic procedures.

Sometimes small patients are prescribed glycerol. Oral administration of the drug diluted in liquid is provided. The duration of therapy is 1.5-2 months, since glycerol acts gently and gradually. In fact, the medicine is positioned as a laxative, so it should not be given to a child without a doctor’s prescription.

If medications don't help, bypass surgery may be needed.

Sometimes a spinal puncture is required. If drug therapy does not bring results, it may be worth resorting to bypass surgery. The operation takes place in the neurosurgery department. At the same time, the causes of increased intracranial pressure are eliminated surgically:

• removal of a tumor, abscess, hematoma;
• restoration of normal outflow of cerebrospinal fluid or creation of a roundabout route.

At the slightest suspicion of the development of ICH syndrome, you should immediately see a specialist. Especially early diagnosis with subsequent treatment are important in children. A late response to the problem will subsequently result in various disorders, both physical and mental.

Other brain lesions (G93)

Acquired porencephalic cyst

Excluded:

• periventricular acquired cyst of the newborn (P91.1)
• congenital cerebral cyst (Q04.6)

Excluded:

• complicating:
  • abortion, ectopic or molar pregnancy (O00-O07, O08.8)
  • pregnancy, labor or delivery (O29.2, O74.3, O89.2)
  • surgical and medical care (T80-T88)
• neonatal anoxia (P21.9)

Excludes: hypertensive encephalopathy (I67.4)

Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis

Compression of the brain (trunk)

Infringement of the brain (brain stem)

Excluded:

• traumatic compression of the brain (S06.2)
• focal traumatic compression of the brain (S06.3)

Excluded: cerebral edema:

• due to birth trauma (P11.0)
• traumatic (S06.1)

Radiation-induced encephalopathy

If it is necessary to identify an external factor, use an additional code of external causes (class XX).

In Russia, the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) has been adopted as a single normative document to record morbidity, reasons for the population’s visits to medical institutions of all departments, causes of death.

ICD-10 was introduced into healthcare practice throughout the Russian Federation in 1999 by order of the Russian Ministry of Health dated May 27, 1997. No. 170

The release of a new revision (ICD-11) is planned by WHO in 2017-2018.

With changes and additions from WHO.

Processing and translation of changes © mkb-10.com

Intracranial hypertension code ICD 10

Causes, treatment and prognosis for cerebral dystonia

Cerebral vascular dystonia is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system, in which organs and tissues are insufficiently supplied with oxygen. The disease occurs in both adults (up to 70% of cases) and children (up to 25%). Males suffer from this disease more often than women.

Symptoms of the disease

Symptoms of cerebral dystonia vary. This condition is one of the manifestations of vegetative-vascular dystonia.

1. Intracranial pressure.
2. Disorders of the nervous system - irritability, tearfulness. The head hurts and feels dizzy, muscle twitching (tics) is possible. Characteristic is the appearance of tinnitus, sleep suffers, and unsteadiness of gait is noted.
3. Fluctuations in pressure upward or downward.
4. Puffiness of the face and swelling of the eyelids.
5. Nausea and sometimes vomiting.
6. Rapid fatigue, general weakness, decreased performance.

Causes of the disease

In children, vascular dystonia is formed due to a discrepancy between the speed of development and the level of maturity of the neurohormonal system, as well as if there is a hereditary predisposition.

In adults, the causes of the disease are:

1. Exhaustion of the body due to intoxication, injury or previous infectious diseases.
2. Sleep disorders, which are manifested by early awakening in the morning, difficulty falling asleep for a long time, or insomnia.
3. Blues, depressed mood, constant fatigue.
4. Wrong diet, unhealthy diet.
5. Lack of physical activity or, conversely, an overly active lifestyle.
6. Imbalance of hormones during pregnancy and menopause in women, and puberty in adolescents.
7. Endocrine disorders.
8. Having bad habits.
9. Compression of the vessels of the neck with osteochondrosis, as a result of which the flow of blood to the brain is disrupted.
10. Sudden change in climate or time zone.
11. Poor ecology of the region.

Diagnosis and treatment of the disease

To establish a diagnosis such as cerebral vascular dystonia, you need to consult a neurologist, therapist, surgeon, endocrinologist, or cardiologist. It is these specialists who will help exclude organic diseases and confirm or refute the presence of vascular dystonia.

During the diagnostic process, the following examinations are carried out:

1. Urine examination and blood tests.
2. Functional examinations, including electrocardiography, duplex scanning of the vessels of the head and neck; transcranial Doppler ultrasound may be needed.
3. X-ray of the spine (cervical spine), skull.
4. In some cases, tomography (computer and magnetic resonance imaging) cannot be avoided.

Drug therapy for vascular dystonia involves the use of various groups of drugs to improve the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. These include:

1. Sedatives containing barbiturates, bromides, valerian and hawthorn.
2. Means to improve blood circulation in the brain.
3. Drugs that affect the autonomic and central nervous systems - antidepressants, antipsychotics, sleeping pills, nootropics, caffeine-based psychostimulants.
4. Can also be used vitamin complexes, antioxidants, diuretics, calcium supplements, adaptogens with extract of eleutherococcus, lemongrass, ginseng.
5. To reduce the excitability of the autonomic nervous system and improve processes, doctors prescribe Glycine. This amino acid helps improve metabolic processes in the brain. As a result, the asthenoneurotic component of dystonia becomes less pronounced.

As an addition to treatment for vascular dystonia, massage, acupuncture, herbal medicine, physiotherapeutic and water procedures are indicated.

Rest and treatment in a sanatorium can be used as rehabilitation for illness.

If the patient has been diagnosed with vascular dystonia, doctors recommend:

1. Maintain a daily routine. Every day a person should sleep at least eight hours. Sound sleep helps normalize blood pressure.
2. Frequently ventilate the room in which you sleep. Alternate physical and mental stress. Spend as little time as possible on the computer. Walk outside for at least two hours a day.
3. Do physical exercises, swimming, cycling, skiing, skating. During training, avoid exercises with sweeping movements of the head and torso, or sharp turns.
4. Temper yourself. Every day, wipe your body with a damp towel. Perform hydromassage, take cold and hot shower. Coniferous salt and radon baths will be beneficial.

Success in treating the disease largely depends on the psycho-emotional state of the patient. Learn the rules of relaxation, take part in auto-training, and use methods of psychological relief.

Consequences of the disease

Typically, the disease is initial stage does not cause harm to health and does not lead to serious consequences. However, the symptoms of the disease interfere with normal work and study, causing anxiety and fatigue.

The chronic form of the disease is severe and, if not properly treated, can lead to the development of hypertension, coronary disease, and subsequently - to stroke and myocardial infarction.

Timely and competent treatment- recipe for success. After therapy, in 90% of cases, the symptoms of the disease disappear, sleep and appetite are normalized, and the body’s adaptive abilities are restored.

Intracranial hypertension syndrome in children and adults

Intracranial hypertension is increased pressure in the cranium. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the force with which intracerebral fluid presses on the brain. Its increase is usually due to an increase in the volume of contents of the cranial cavity (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue fluid, foreign tissue). ICP may periodically increase or decrease due to changes in environmental conditions and the body's need to adapt to them. If its high values ​​persist for a long time, intracranial hypertension syndrome is diagnosed.

The causes of the syndrome are different, most often these are congenital and acquired pathologies. Intracranial hypertension in children and adults develops with hypertension, cerebral edema, tumors, traumatic brain injuries, encephalitis, meningitis, hydrocephalus, hemorrhagic strokes, heart failure, hematomas, abscesses.

Intracranial hypertension is classified depending on the causes of its development:

• Spicy. Occurs with strokes, rapidly growing tumors and cysts, and brain injuries. It occurs suddenly and is often fatal.
• Moderate. It is periodically observed in persons with vegetative-vascular dystonia and in healthy people with weather-sensitive dependence. The pressure inside the skull usually increases with sudden changes in weather.
• Venous. Associated with a violation of the outflow of blood from the cranial cavity, which occurs when the veins are compressed during osteochondrosis and tumor processes, when the lumen of the veins is closed by blood clots.
• Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH), or idiopathic. This form has no obvious causes and develops in healthy people.

Main symptoms

Signs of intracranial hypertension may vary depending on different people. The most typical include the following:

• Headache. This is the main sign of pathology, most often occurring in the morning. The headache is usually bursting, it may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and is aggravated by coughing, sneezing, or bending over.
• Visual impairment. It manifests itself as fog and double vision, impaired clarity, pain that intensifies when rotating the eyeballs, the appearance of spots and flickering before the eyes.
• Drowsiness and lethargy.
• Hearing impairment. Decrease, crackling or feeling of stuffiness in the ears.

The appearance of these signs in adults, adolescents and children does not indicate the development of intracranial hypertension, but requires mandatory examination.

Increased ICP may also have indirect symptoms, including:

• sleep disturbance;
• nosebleeds;
• trembling of fingers and chin.

Intracranial hypertension in children

Increased ICP in children leads to disturbances in brain development, so it is important to detect the pathology as early as possible.

There are two types of pathology in children:

1. The syndrome slowly increases in the first months of life, when the fontanelles are not closed.
2. The disease develops rapidly in children after a year, when the sutures and fontanelles have closed.

In children under one year of age, due to open cranial sutures and fontanelles, symptoms are usually mild. Compensation occurs due to the opening of the sutures and fontanelles and an increase in the volume of the head.

The first type of pathology is characterized by the following symptoms:

• the child cries often and for a long time without reason;
• the fontanelles swell, the pulsation in them cannot be heard;
• vomiting occurs several times a day;
• the baby sleeps little;
• cranial sutures diverge;
• the skull is large for its age;
• the bones of the skull are formed disproportionately, the forehead protrudes unnaturally;
• veins are clearly visible under the skin;
• children are developmentally delayed and later begin to hold their head up and sit;
• when a child looks down, between the iris and upper eyelid a white stripe of the white of the eyeball is visible.

When the fontanelles and cranial sutures close, the manifestations of intracranial hypertension become pronounced. At this time, the child develops the following symptoms:

In this case, you must definitely call an ambulance.

The syndrome can also develop at an older age. In children over two years of age, the disease manifests itself as follows:

• in the morning when waking up, bursting headaches appear that put pressure on the eyes;
• when rising, the pain weakens or recedes due to the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid;
• the functions of the sense organs are impaired due to the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid;
• vomiting occurs;
• the child is stunted and overweight.

Diagnosis in children

The diagnosis can be made at three stages: in the prenatal period, at birth, and during routine examinations of infants.

To identify pathology in a child, the following steps are necessary:

• examination by a pediatrician;
• examination by an ophthalmologist;
• consultation with a neurologist;
• NSG (neurosonography);
• X-ray of the brain;
• MRI and characteristic MR signs.

Treatment

The treatment method is chosen by the doctor depending on the manifestations of the disease. For mild symptoms, non-drug therapy is indicated, which includes:

• special diet and drinking regimen;
• therapeutic exercises and massage;
• physical therapy;
• swimming;
• acupuncture.

Pathology medium degree severity is treated with medications. In severe cases, surgical intervention is indicated, which consists of creating channels for the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid.

The outcome of treatment will depend on whether it was started in a timely manner.

Intracranial hypertension in adults

Symptoms in adults are determined by disturbances in the central nervous system caused by pressure on the brain. These include:

• pressing pain in the head in the second half of the night and in the morning;
• nausea, vomiting in the morning;
• decrease or increase in blood pressure;
• tachycardia;
• sweating;
• increased fatigue;
• nervousness;
• blue circles under the eyes, pronounced venous pattern on the skin under the eyes;
• meteosensitivity, deterioration when weather changes;
• hallucinations;
• after assuming a horizontal position, there is an increased release of cerebrospinal fluid and slower reabsorption, hence the severity of the symptoms in the second half of the night and in the morning.

If symptoms persist for a long time, encephalopathy may develop.

In addition, residual encephalopathy may develop, the occurrence of which is caused by damage to the nervous tissue. It usually progresses slowly and signs of brain dysfunction increase gradually. Residual encephalopathy is manifested by mood swings, sleep disturbances, headaches, dizziness, and general weakness.

Diagnostics

Measuring intracranial pressure is only possible using an invasive method. To do this, you need to insert a needle, to which a pressure gauge is connected, into the spinal canal. Diagnosis is made by identifying symptoms that indicate intracranial hypertension. This is done using the following types of examination:

• examination by a neurologist;
• lumbar puncture;
• fundus examination;
• X-ray of the brain;
• rheoencephalography.

Treatment for adults

Intracranial pressure syndrome requires immediate treatment, otherwise the body will not be able to function normally. With increased ICP, intelligence decreases, which affects mental performance.

The essence of symptomatic treatment is to reduce the production of cerebrospinal fluid and enhance its reabsorption. Diuretics are used for this.

If diuretic therapy does not have an effect, corticosteroids are prescribed along with vasodilators and barbiturates. Steroid medications help reduce the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Troxevasin is used to improve the outflow of venous blood, and drugs from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-migraine drugs are used to relieve pain. In addition, vitamins and medications may be indicated to improve the transmission of neural impulses.

In mild cases of the disease, special exercises and a special drinking regime are usually prescribed to reduce pressure in the cranial cavity. With the help of physiotherapy, the venous bed in the head is unloaded. With the help of these measures, it is possible to reduce intracranial pressure and reduce symptoms within a week, even without taking diuretics, which an adult cannot always take constantly.

Most often, for the mechanical removal of small amounts (no more than 30 ml at a time) of cerebrospinal fluid, lumbar puncture. In some cases, improvement occurs the first time, but, as a rule, more than one procedure is needed. The frequency is one manipulation every two days.

Another option for surgical intervention is bypass surgery, or the implantation of tubes through which the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid will be carried out. This method has a more pronounced and long-lasting effect.

Intracranial hypertension can be eliminated only if the cause of its occurrence, that is, another disease, is eliminated.

Mild forms of pathology in adults can be treated with folk remedies:

• Grind the garlic and lemons, add water, let it brew for 24 hours. Strain and take a tablespoon for two weeks. For one and a half liters of water you will need two lemons and two heads of garlic.
• Mix equal quantities of crushed leaves of hawthorn, mint, eucalyptus, valerian and motherwort. Pour vodka (0.5 l) into a tablespoon of the mixture and leave for seven days. Strain and take 20 drops three times a day for a month.
• Pour vodka (0.5 l) over clover flowers and leave for two weeks. Strain and take a tablespoon diluted in half a glass of water three times a day.
• Grind dried lavender leaves (a tablespoon), pour boiling water (0.5 l), leave for an hour. Drink the strained infusion one tablespoon half an hour before meals for 1 month.

Separately, it is worth mentioning benign intracranial hypertension (code G93.2 according to ICD 10). This is a temporary increase in ICP without signs of infection, hydrocephalus, hypertensive encephalopathy and may be caused by hormonal changes, obesity, hypovitaminosis, thyroid diseases, pregnancy, taking hormones and other factors.

The main difference between ADHD and the pathological form of the disease is the absence of signs of depressed consciousness. Typically, patients complain of headaches that get worse when coughing and sneezing.

Most often, benign intracranial hypertension does not require specific treatment and goes away on its own. Diuretics may be prescribed, which are usually sufficient to normalize blood pressure. In addition, it is recommended to limit the amount of fluid consumed, follow a salt-free diet and perform special exercises.

Diet

Nutrition and drinking regimen should help prevent the body from accumulating fluid. To do this, you must adhere to the following rules:

• eliminate salt from the diet;
• give up smoked and flour products;
• do not drink store-bought juices and carbonated drinks;
• do not drink alcoholic beverages;
• refrain from fast food.

Conclusion

Treatment of intracranial hypertension should begin as early as possible. The unfavorable course of the disease leads to rapid loss of vision. In the advanced stage, optic nerve atrophy is irreversible. If the pathology is not treated, the consequences can be dire: pressure on the brain will increase, its tissues will begin to shift, which will inevitably lead to death.

Causes of sinus bradyarrhythmia, treatment methods

Sinus bradyarrhythmia is a disease that occurs in all age categories of patients and is characterized by a significant decrease in the number of heart contractions. In a healthy person, the pulse rate fluctuates within beats per minute. With this heart pathology, the indicators can vary from 40 to 59 contractions, in extremely severe cases bordering on the risk of extensive cerebral infarction - from 30 to 39.

What causes bradyarrhythmia?

Sinus bradyarrhythmia is divided into two types: moderate and severe, depending on the main pulse indicators. In the first case, the heart rate does not fall below 50 beats, in the second - below 40. Often, moderate bradyarrhythmia can also occur in people who regularly engage in sports and be a normal physiological phenomenon due to adaptation of cardio-vascular system to constant loads.

Despite the fact that during a standard medical examination, a person suffering from a low heart rate appears quite normal, there is still a direct threat to his health. After all, what is sinus bradyarrhythmia? First of all, this is hypoxia of all internal organs and vital systems, including the brain. The main danger is that the heart cannot cope with its task and a sharply decreased pulse can lead to clinical death, for example, in a dream.

The sinus node is responsible for the frequency of contractions and rhythm; its damage of a degenerative and inflammatory nature leads to depression of cardiac activity. The appearance of sinus bradyarrhythmia in children is due to increased tone vagus nerve due to pathological changes in the myocardium. In addition, factors that provoke the occurrence of the disease in infants and adolescents may be:

• hypothermia (usually in infants and children under three years of age);
• intracranial hypertension;
• past viral and infectious diseases with complications;
• genetic predisposition;
• hormonal disorders (usually in adolescents);
• sore throat, pneumonia.

The automaticity of sinus rhythm can be disrupted by taking medications that affect heart rate. In adults, the causes of bradyarrhythmia can be:

• severe atherosclerosis;
• previous myocardial infarction or stroke;
• inflammatory changes in heart tissue;
• obesity of the second and third degree;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• vascular thrombosis;
• cardiosclerosis (most often found in older people);
• cardiac ischemia;
• hypothyroidism;
• infectious and viral diseases.

In addition to the above reasons, arrhythmia is often detected in various pathologies thyroid gland, vegetative-vascular dystonia and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Diagnostics

During medical examination the type of bradyarrhythmia can be established, which can be physiological or organic. Sinus bradycardia belongs to the class of this pathology, so this diagnosis often appears in medical examination reports. In this case, a reduced heart rate is observed, but sinus rhythm is maintained. Bradycardia is most often found in athletes.

If a child or adult has characteristic symptoms bradyarrhythmias, and the measurement of the pulse rate showed values ​​​​below normal, you should immediately seek medical attention medical care. If your heart rate drops critically, you must call an ambulance. IN inpatient conditions An electrocardiogram will be performed. If she shows a clear violation heart rate and prolonged intervals between ventricular contractions, the patient is hospitalized. Next he will have to go ultrasound diagnostics heart, repeated ECG and daily monitoring of blood pressure surges. After identifying the type of bradyarrhythmia, treatment appropriate to the diagnosis will be prescribed.

Symptoms of the disease

Sometimes people with a moderate form of bradyarrhythmia can live their whole lives without noticing its presence, since it manifests itself only in the form of a slightly reduced heart rate. The pronounced degree of pathology is accompanied by the following conditions:

• prostration;
• dizziness;
• darkening in the eyes,
• absent-mindedness;
• loss of coordination;
• decreased visual acuity;
• cold sweat;
• blood pressure surges.

At sharp decline heart rate may drop arterial pressure to a critical level, which will cause arrhythmic shock. In some cases, there is a sudden stop of blood circulation, which leads to involuntary emptying Bladder and intestines.

Sinus bradyarrhythmia in a child is most often detected by chance, since it rarely has a pronounced clinical picture. But in severe cases, the following may occur:

• sudden loss of consciousness;
• blurred vision;
• chest pain;
• chronic fatigue, lethargy;
• lack of appetite.

If during inhalation the heartbeat quickens, and during exhalation the heart rate slows down sharply, this indicates the presence of respiratory bradyarrhythmia. If you hold your breath, its symptoms should disappear. If this does not happen, then this is not a respiratory sinus bradyarrhythmia.

Is it possible to play sports and serve in the army with bradyarrhythmia?

Sinus bradyarrhythmia has its own ICD code (International Classification of Diseases) - R00.1 and refers to pathologies that are divided into physiological and organic. If the disease does not have pronounced symptoms and is the norm for a particular person (with good physical preparation), then he will be called up to serve in the army. If during a medical examination it was proven that the bradyarrhythmia is organic (the result of serious disorders in the body), then the conscript is exempt from military duty.

With this disease, activities that involve moderate cardio exercise (for example, running) are not prohibited, but strength training should be avoided.

Treatment

Sinus bradyarrhythmia in adolescents in most cases does not require treatment, since it does not have pronounced symptoms and is a consequence of hormonal imbalance characteristic of adolescence. In other cases, with moderate bradyarrhythmia, general restorative drugs are prescribed in the form of tinctures and vitamin complexes.

If the disease is severe, the person is hospitalized and prescribed medications that accelerate cardiac conduction (for example, Nifedipine). Prednisolone, Eufillin, the hormone dopamine, atropine and adrenaline are administered intravenously.

If the heart rate is below 20, then urgent resuscitation measures are required. In case of persistent fainting, doctors install a pacemaker through a simple surgical operation. But it is used only in critical situations when no other drugs can stop attacks of bradyarrhythmia.

Forecast

If organic bradyarrhythmia is not treated, clinical death may occur due to sudden cardiac arrest. This disease also provokes the development of thromboembolism, which in turn leads to heart attack and stroke.

With physiological bradyarrhythmia (for example, in athletes or in adolescence in children), the pathology has a favorable prognosis, since in most cases it does not have any effect on the cardiovascular and other body systems.

Intracranial hypertension: ICD code 10

The name of the disease consists of two Greek words “over” and “tension”. Characterized by increased intracranial pressure.

The human brain controls all body functions and needs reliable protection, which with outside provides the cranium, and with the internal cerebral fluid, called cerebrospinal fluid. It consists of 90% water, 10% protein inclusions and cellular matter in equal proportions. Its composition and consistency are similar to blood plasma. Liquor washes the brain and serves as a shock absorber, protecting against bruises, concussions and other mechanical damage.

Description

Since the skull is a limited space in which the brain and the surrounding fluid are located, a certain pressure is created in it. Normally, in newborns it ranges from 1.5 to 6 mm of water column. For children under 2 years of age – 3-7 mm. In adults it ranges from 3 to 15 mm.

Intracranial hypertension code according to ICD 10 is a disease that is diagnosed when the pressure level increases to 200 mm of water column.

It can increase with overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid, poor absorption of cerebral fluid, for reasons that impede normal outflow, the presence of tumors and edema.

All-Russian classifiers

The international classification in Russia was introduced in 1999, its revision is planned for 2017.

According to the current ICD, benign intracranial hypertension is defined as a complex of polyetiological symptoms, which is caused by an increase in ICP in the absence of pathological neoplasms and signs of hydrocephalus.

International classifiers

According to ICD 10, the disease received the following classification codes:

• G2 benign intracranial hypertension.
• G2 ICH after ventricular bypass.
• G 6 – cerebral edema.

Symptoms and signs

For timely initiation of therapy for intracranial hypertension, it is important to recognize the disease. To do this, you need to understand how it proceeds, how it is characterized, and what to pay attention to.

Symptoms manifest differently in children and adults.

The difficulty in identifying signs of disease in infants is that the child cannot express his complaints. In such a situation, parents should carefully monitor the baby's behavior. If the baby has the following signs, then we are talking about intracranial hypertension.

• Frequent vomiting not associated with food intake.
• Intermittent sleep.
• Restlessness, crying and screaming for no apparent reason.
• Swollen fontanelles without pulsation.
• Muscle hypertonicity.
• Increase in head size, protruding forehead.
• Dehiscence of cranial sutures.
• Syndrome, the so-called setting sun.
• Visualization of veins on the head.
• Developmental delay from age norms.

In children aged 1 to 2 years, the process of overgrowing of the fontanelles stops, which leads to more severe symptoms. Fountaining vomiting, fainting, and convulsions are observed.

Over the age of 2 years, a child may complain of a headache and feel pressure in the eye area on the inside of the skull. The patient's tactile sensations, smell perception are impaired, vision is reduced, and motor function is impaired.

In addition, intracranial hypertension is accompanied by endocrine disorders, obesity, and diabetes mellitus.

In adult patients, intracranial hypertension is characterized by the following symptoms:

• Attacks of severe headache, which worsens in the evening.
• Nausea.
• Irritability.
• Fatigue with minor exertion.
• Dizziness and fainting states.
• Dark circles under the eyes.
• Increased sweating, so-called hot flashes.
• The pupils do not react to light.

This condition needs treatment.

Diagnostics

Before prescribing therapy, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination of the patient and establish the causes of intracranial hypertension, since in some cases effective therapy is not possible without eliminating the underlying causes.

Diagnosis of ICH is carried out using modern methods hardware studies include encephalography, neurosonography, Doppler, CT and MRI. In addition, consultations are held with a neurologist and ophthalmologist.

Treatment

Therapy is carried out using several methods:

• Medication, which consists of prescribing diuretics to remove fluid from the body. The use of sedatives, painkillers, antipsychotic and nootropic drugs, vitamins.
• The surgical method allows you to divert the cerebrospinal fluid or clear the path for its drainage.
• Non-drug therapy involves following a salt-free diet and drinking regimen. A complex of exercise therapy, acupuncture, and massage are prescribed.

In addition, symptomatic therapy is carried out to reduce pain and associated symptoms.

Drugs

The following medications are used in the treatment of ICH: levulose, caffeamine, sorbilact, mannitol.

G93.2 benign intracranial hypertension

ICD-10 diagnosis tree

• g00-g99 class vi diseases of the nervous system
• g90-g99 other nervous system disorders
• g93 other brain lesions
• G93.2 benign intracranial hypertension(Selected ICD-10 diagnosis)
• g93.1 anoxic brain injury, not elsewhere classified
• g93.3 fatigue syndrome after a viral illness
• g93.4 encephalopathy, unspecified
• g93.6 cerebral edema
• g93.8 other specified brain lesions
• g93.9 brain damage, unspecified

Diseases and syndromes related to ICD diagnosis

Titles

Description

Symptoms

Objective signs of intracranial hypertension are swelling of the optic nerves, increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and typical x-ray changes in the skull bones. It should be borne in mind that these signs do not appear immediately, but after a long time (except for increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure).

With a significant increase in intracranial pressure, disturbances of consciousness, convulsive seizures, and visceral-vegetative changes are possible. With dislocation and herniation of brain stem structures, bradycardia, respiratory failure occur, pupillary response to light decreases or disappears, and systemic blood pressure increases.

Causes

With cerebral edema, an increase in the volume of brain tissue occurs and, accordingly, intracranial hypertension develops. Obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid ducts causes a violation of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the cranial cavity, its accumulation (obstructive hydrocephalus) and, accordingly, intracranial hypertension. Intracranial hemorrhage with the formation of a hematoma also leads to increased intracranial pressure.

When intracranial pressure increases in one of the areas of the skull, an area of ​​distension occurs, which leads to a displacement of brain structures relative to each other - dislocation syndromes develop. This pathology is life-threatening and can lead to the death of the patient.

The most common dislocation syndromes are:

* displacement of the cerebral hemispheres under the falciform process.

* displacement of the cerebellar tonsils in the foramen magnum.

When the cerebrospinal fluid pressure increases to 400 mm water. (about 30 mm) cerebral circulation arrest and cessation of bioelectrical activity brain

Benign intracranial hypertension in children

RCHR ( Republican Center healthcare development of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan)

Version: Clinical protocols Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan

general information

Short description

Expert Commission on Health Development Issues

Benign intracranial hypertension is a polyetiological symptom complex caused by increased intracranial pressure in the absence of signs of space-occupying formation or hydrocephalus.

Protocol title: Benign intracranial hypertension in children

Abbreviations used in the protocol:

Date of development of the protocol: 2014.

Users of the protocol: pediatric neurologist, pediatrician and general practitioner, ambulance and emergency physicians.

Classification

Classification according to etiological factors

Excludes: hypertensive encephalopathy (I67.4)

Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis

Compression of the brain (trunk)

Infringement of the brain (brain stem)

Excluded:

• traumatic compression of the brain (S06.2)
• focal traumatic compression of the brain (S06.3)

Excluded: cerebral edema:

• due to birth trauma (P11.0)
• traumatic (S06.1)

Radiation-induced encephalopathy

If it is necessary to identify an external factor, use an additional code of external causes (class XX).

In Russia, the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) has been adopted as a single normative document for recording morbidity, reasons for the population's visits to medical institutions of all departments, and causes of death.

ICD-10 was introduced into healthcare practice throughout the Russian Federation in 1999 by order of the Russian Ministry of Health dated May 27, 1997. No. 170

The release of a new revision (ICD-11) is planned by WHO in 2017-2018.

With changes and additions from WHO.

Processing and translation of changes © mkb-10.com

hypertensive syndrome code according to ICD 10

svv syndrome code according to ICD 10

In the Children's Health section, to the question what is the disease code according to ICD-10 for hyperexcitability syndrome? or syndrome of increased neuro-reflex excitability asked by the author ELENA GUSCHINA the best answer is I'm shocked! We have already reached the ICD. Why do you need this? This is only for professionals.

Class V - Mental disorders and conduct disorders Block (F90-F98) - Emotional and behavioral disorders, usually beginning in childhood and adolescence

Signs and methods of eliminating intracranial hypertension

Most often, intracranial hypertension (increased intracranial pressure) manifests itself due to dysfunction of the cerebrospinal fluid. The process of cerebrospinal fluid production intensifies, which is why the liquid does not have time to be fully absorbed and circulate. Stagnation forms, which causes pressure on the brain.

With venous congestion, blood can accumulate in the cranial cavity, and with cerebral edema, tissue fluid can accumulate. Pressure on the brain can be exerted by foreign tissue formed due to a growing tumor (including an oncological one).

The brain is a very sensitive organ; for protection, it is placed in a special liquid medium, the task of which is to ensure the safety of brain tissue. If the volume of this fluid changes, the pressure increases. The disorder is rarely an independent disease, but often acts as a manifestation of a neurological type of pathology.

Factors of influence

The most common causes of intracranial hypertension are:

• excessive secretion of cerebrospinal fluid;
• insufficient degree of absorption;
• dysfunction of pathways in the fluid circulation system.

Indirect causes provoking the disorder:

• traumatic brain injury (even long-term, including birth), head bruises, concussion;
• encephalitis and meningitis diseases;
• intoxication (especially alcohol and medication);
• congenital anomalies of the structure of the central nervous system;
• cerebrovascular accident;
• foreign neoplasms;
• intracranial hematomas, extensive hemorrhages, cerebral edema.

In adults, the following factors are also identified:

• overweight;
• chronic stress;
• violation of blood properties;
• strong physical activity;
• the effect of vasoconstrictor medications;
• birth asphyxia;
• endocrine diseases.

Excess weight may be an indirect cause of intracranial hypertension

Due to pressure, elements of the brain structure can change position relative to each other. This disorder is called dislocation syndrome. Subsequently, such a displacement leads to partial or complete dysfunction of the central nervous system.

In the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, intracranial hypertension syndrome has the following code:

• benign intracranial hypertension (classified separately) - code G93.2 according to ICD 10;
• intracranial hypertension after ventricular bypass surgery – code G97.2 according to ICD 10;
• cerebral edema – code G93.6 according to ICD 10.

The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, was introduced into medical practice in the Russian Federation in 1999. The release of the updated 11th revision classifier is planned for 2017.

Symptoms

Based on the influencing factors, the following group of symptoms of intracranial hypertension found in adults has been identified:

• headache;
• “heaviness” in the head, especially at night and in the morning;
• vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• sweating;
• tachycardia;
• fainting state;

• nausea accompanied by vomiting;
• nervousness;
• fast fatiguability;
• circles under the eyes;
• sexual and sexual dysfunction;
• increased blood pressure in humans under the influence of low atmospheric pressure.

Signs of intracranial hypertension in a child are separately identified, although a number of the listed symptoms also appear here:

• congenital hydrocephalus;
• birth injury;
• prematurity;
• infectious disorders during fetal development;
• increase in head volume;
• visual sensitivity;
• dysfunction of the visual organs;
• anatomical abnormalities of blood vessels, nerves, brain;
• drowsiness;
• weak sucking;
• loudness, cry.

Drowsiness may be one of the symptoms of intracranial hypertension in a child

The disorder is divided into several types. Thus, benign intracranial hypertension is characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure without changes in the state of the cerebrospinal fluid itself and without stagnant processes. Visible symptoms include swelling of the optic nerve, which provokes visual dysfunction. This type does not cause serious neurological disorders.

Intracranial idiopathic hypertension (refers to a chronic form, develops gradually, also defined as moderate ICH) is accompanied by increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure around the brain. Has signs of the presence of an organ tumor, although in fact there is none. The syndrome is also known as pseudotumor cerebri. The increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the organ is caused precisely by stagnant processes: a decrease in the intensity of the processes of absorption and outflow of cerebrospinal fluid.

Diagnostics

During diagnosis, not only clinical manifestations are important, but also the results of hardware research.

1. First, you need to measure intracranial pressure. To do this, special needles connected to a pressure gauge are inserted into the spinal canal and into the fluid cavity of the skull.
2. An ophthalmological examination of the condition of the eyeballs is also carried out to determine the blood content of the veins and the degree of dilation.
3. Ultrasound examination of cerebral vessels will make it possible to determine the intensity of the outflow of venous blood.
4. MRI and computed tomography are performed to determine the degree of discharge of the edges of the ventricles of the brain and the degree of expansion of the fluid cavities.
5. Encephalogram.

Computed tomography is used to diagnose intracranial hypertension

The diagnostic set of measures in children and adults differs little, except that in a newborn a neurologist examines the condition of the fontanel, checks muscle tone and takes measurements of the head. In children, an ophthalmologist examines the condition of the fundus of the eye.

Treatment

Treatment of intracranial hypertension is selected based on the diagnostic data obtained. Part of the therapy is aimed at eliminating influencing factors that provoke changes in pressure inside the skull. That is, for the treatment of the underlying disease.

Treatment of intracranial hypertension can be conservative or surgical. Benign intracranial hypertension may not require any therapeutic measures at all. Unless in adults, diuretic medication is required to increase fluid outflow. In infants, the benign type goes away over time, the baby is prescribed massage and physiotherapeutic procedures.

Sometimes small patients are prescribed glycerol. Oral administration of the drug diluted in liquid is provided. The duration of therapy is 1.5-2 months, since glycerol acts gently and gradually. In fact, the medicine is positioned as a laxative, so it should not be given to a child without a doctor’s prescription.

If medications don't help, bypass surgery may be needed.

Sometimes a spinal puncture is required. If drug therapy does not bring results, it may be worth resorting to bypass surgery. The operation takes place in the neurosurgery department. At the same time, the causes of increased intracranial pressure are eliminated surgically:

• removal of a tumor, abscess, hematoma;
• restoration of normal outflow of cerebrospinal fluid or creation of a roundabout route.

At the slightest suspicion of the development of ICH syndrome, you should immediately see a specialist. Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment are especially important in children. A late response to the problem will subsequently result in various disorders, both physical and mental.

The information on the site is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute a guide to action. Do not self-medicate. Consult your healthcare provider.

Hypertension syndrome in children

Hypertension syndrome implies an increase in intracranial pressure, which, in turn, is associated with impaired blood circulation in the brain. As you know, the brain is constantly washed by cerebrospinal fluid, which among experts is called cerebrospinal fluid. Normally, there is always a balance between the production of this substance and its absorption. However, it is often disturbed, and there may be several reasons for such an imbalance. This includes intrauterine hypoxia, birth injuries, and even birth defects development varying degrees gravity.

External manifestation of the disease

• In young children, hypertension syndrome manifests itself in the form of constant crying, behavioral disorders, and sleep disturbances. Often, by the time the disease reaches its climax, when headaches do not stop for a long time, nausea and vomiting may appear. Some children experience increased sweating and sudden fluctuations in body temperature.
• As for older children, their hypertension syndrome is observed, as a rule, in the form of a bursting headache. At the onset of the disease pain syndromes can be recorded in the morning, as well as after each physical activity. With its development, the headache becomes regular.

Hypertension syndrome. Treatment

• First of all, it should be noted that when this disease is diagnosed in infants, immediately after birth, they must be observed by a pediatric neurologist. Then, in the absence of external signs and symptoms, hypertension syndrome is relieved. Based clinical manifestations, as well as the severity of the disease, the specialist, as a rule, prescribes appropriate treatment. Most often, drug therapy involves the use of special drugs, the main effect of which is to remove excess cerebrospinal fluid from the area of ​​the meninges. On the other hand, those means are also used that tone all blood vessels. In some cases, infusions of herbs (for example, mint, motherwort, valerian or sage) are prescribed for sedative purposes.
• Hypertension syndrome in adults is treated using almost the same methods. However, in addition to following all the recommendations described above, it is also necessary to regularly check the fundus of the eye and conduct an X-ray examination of the skull (once every three years). Only in some cases more thorough inpatient treatment is required.

It should be noted that in addition to all useful tips given in this article, you should closely monitor the child and his behavior, including in matters of daily nutrition. It is better to teach your child to eat at a certain time of day. It is recommended to protect your baby from infections and take him for walks in the fresh air more often. In a word, you should do everything to make the child less nervous, cry and worry about trifles, and have more fun and enjoy life.

Signs and treatment of hypertension syndrome in children

Hypertension syndrome is a dangerous disease that can manifest itself in children, regardless of their gender and age.

If the disease occurs in a newborn child, we are talking about a congenital form; in older children, hypertension syndrome is acquired.

This pathology is considered a symptom of dangerous diseases, so a child who has been diagnosed with this disease should be under constant medical supervision.

However, this diagnosis is often erroneous; in particular, sometimes hypertension syndrome is diagnosed in children with too large a head size, although these facts are in no way related to each other.

Intracranial pressure may also increase during periods of intense crying or excessive physical activity. This is considered a variant of the norm; in this case we are not talking about pathology.

Read about the symptoms and treatment of hydrocephalic syndrome in children here.

General information

The cranium has a constant volume, but the volume of its contents may vary.

And if any formations (benign or malignant) appear in the brain area, excess fluid accumulates, hemorrhages appear, and intracranial pressure increases. This phenomenon is commonly called hypertension syndrome.

The disease can develop rapidly or be sluggish. The first option involves a rapid increase in symptoms; as a result of this condition, the substance of the brain is destroyed, the child may fall into a coma.

In the indolent form of the disease, the pressure inside the skull gradually increases, this causes significant discomfort to the child, constant headaches significantly worsen the quality of life of the little patient.

Causes

Hypertension syndrome can occur in children of different ages. Depending on the age, the causes of the disease vary.

The clinical picture of hypertension syndrome in newborns and older children may be different, however, the signs of the disease are always pronounced.

1. The child constantly refuses the mother's breast.
2. Moodiness, frequent crying for no reason.
3. During sleep or at rest, a quiet, drawn-out groan is heard as you exhale.
4. Hypotonicity of muscle tissue.
5. Decreased swallowing reflex.
6. Convulsions (do not occur in all cases).
7. Trembling of limbs.
8. Severe strabismus.
9. Copious regurgitation, often turning into vomiting.
10. Violation of the structure of the eye (appearance of a white stripe between the pupil and the upper eyelid, hiding the iris of the eye by the lower eyelid, swelling of the eyeball).
11. Tension of the fontanel, divergence of the skull bones.
12. Gradual excessive increase in head size (by 1 cm or more per month).

1. Severe headaches that occur mainly in the morning (painful sensations are localized in the temples and forehead).
2. Nausea, vomiting.
3. Pressing sensation in the eye area.
4. Sharp pain that occurs when changing the position of the head (turning, tilting).
5. Dizziness, disturbances in the functioning of the vestibular apparatus.
6. Pallor of the skin.
7. General weakness, drowsiness.
8. Muscle pain.
9. Increased sensitivity to bright lights and loud sounds.
10. Increased tone of the muscles of the limbs, as a result of which the child’s gait changes (he moves mainly on his toes).
11. Impaired concentration, memory, decreased intellectual abilities.

Possible complications

The brain is a very sensitive organ; any changes lead to disruptions in its functioning.

With hypertension syndrome, the brain is in a compressed state, which leads to very unfavorable consequences, in particular, to atrophy of organ tissue.

As a result, the child’s intellectual development is reduced, the process of nervous regulation of the activity of internal organs is disrupted, which, in turn, leads to a loss of their functionality.

In advanced cases, when large brain stems are compressed, a coma and death may occur.

Diagnostics

To identify pathology, just a visual examination and questioning of the patient is not enough, so the child must undergo a detailed examination, including:

• X-ray of the skull;
• EchoCG;
• rheoencephalogram;
• angiography;
• puncture and examination of accumulated cerebrospinal fluid.

Treatment options

Treatment of the disease can be conservative (using medications) or surgical.

The second option is prescribed only as a last resort, in severe cases of the disease, when there is a risk of developing serious complications, or when drug treatment is ineffective.

Conservative

In addition to taking medications prescribed by the doctor, the child must follow a special diet and lifestyle.

In particular, it is necessary to reduce fluid intake as much as possible (while avoiding dehydration of the body), and also eliminate foods that contribute to fluid retention in the body (for example, salty, smoked, pickled foods, strong tea and coffee).

Excessive physical activity is contraindicated. As additional treatment, massage and acupuncture are prescribed to help relieve pain. It is necessary to take medications, such as:

1. Diuretics (Furosemide). The action of the drug is to remove accumulated cerebrospinal fluid from the brain area. The drug must be used only as prescribed by a doctor and in the dosage indicated by him, as it may cause side effects.
2. Drugs to normalize the activity of the nervous system (Glycine) are necessary to reduce the load on the brain and restore the function of producing vital enzymes.

Most often, the child is prescribed to take Glycine or its analogues. The positive properties of the drug include a safe effect on the body and no side effects. However, the drug has a sedative effect, which must be taken into account when taking it.